ZeroBox Vulnerability Database

漏洞起因
设计错误
危险等级
低
 
影响系统
Linux kernel 2.6.37
Linux kernel 2.6.36
Linux kernel 2.6.35
Linux kernel 2.6.35
Linux kernel 2.6.35
Linux kernel 2.6.34
Linux kernel 2.6.34
Linux kernel 2.6.33 .1
Linux kernel 2.6.33
Linux kernel 2.6.32 .9
Linux kernel 2.6.32
Linux kernel 2.6.31 5
Linux kernel 2.6.31 13
Linux kernel 2.6.31 .2
Linux kernel 2.6.31 .11
Linux kernel 2.6.31 -rc7
Linux kernel 2.6.31 -rc6
Linux kernel 2.6.31 -rc3
+ Trustix Secure Enterprise Linux 2.0
+ Trustix Secure Linux 2.2
+ Trustix Secure Linux 2.1
+ Trustix Secure Linux 2.0
Linux kernel 2.6.31 -rc1
Linux kernel 2.6.31
Linux kernel 2.6.30 .10
Linux kernel 2.6.30 .1
Linux kernel 2.6.30 -rc6
Linux kernel 2.6.30 -rc5
Linux kernel 2.6.30 -rc3
Linux kernel 2.6.30 -rc2
Linux kernel 2.6.30 -rc1
Linux kernel 2.6.30
Linux kernel 2.6.29 .4
Linux kernel 2.6.29 .1
Linux kernel 2.6.29 -git8
Linux kernel 2.6.29 -git14
Linux kernel 2.6.29 -git1
Linux kernel 2.6.29
Linux kernel 2.6.28 .9
Linux kernel 2.6.28 .8
Linux kernel 2.6.28 .6
Linux kernel 2.6.28 .5
Linux kernel 2.6.28 .3
Linux kernel 2.6.28 .2
Linux kernel 2.6.28 .1
Linux kernel 2.6.28 -rc7
Linux kernel 2.6.28 -rc5
Linux kernel 2.6.28 -rc1
Linux kernel 2.6.28 -git7
Linux kernel 2.6.28
Linux kernel 2.6.27 6
Linux kernel 2.6.27 3
Linux kernel 2.6.27 12
Linux kernel 2.6.27 .8
Linux kernel 2.6.27 .5
Linux kernel 2.6.27 .5
Linux kernel 2.6.27 .46
Linux kernel 2.6.27 .24
Linux kernel 2.6.27 .14
Linux kernel 2.6.27 .13
Linux kernel 2.6.27 .12
Linux kernel 2.6.27 -rc8-git5
Linux kernel 2.6.27 -rc8
Linux kernel 2.6.27 -rc6-git6
Linux kernel 2.6.27 -rc6
Linux kernel 2.6.27 -rc5
Linux kernel 2.6.27 -rc4
Linux kernel 2.6.27 -rc2
Linux kernel 2.6.27 -rc1
Linux kernel 2.6.27
Linux kernel 2.6.26 7
Linux kernel 2.6.26 .6
Linux kernel 2.6.26 .4
Linux kernel 2.6.26 .3
Linux kernel 2.6.26 -rc6
Linux kernel 2.6.26
Linux kernel 2.6.25 19
Linux kernel 2.6.25 .9
Linux kernel 2.6.25 .8
Linux kernel 2.6.25 .7
Linux kernel 2.6.25 .6
Linux kernel 2.6.25 .5
Linux kernel 2.6.25 .15
Linux kernel 2.6.25 .13
Linux kernel 2.6.25 .12
Linux kernel 2.6.25 .11
Linux kernel 2.6.25 .10
Linux kernel 2.6.25
Linux kernel 2.6.24 .2
Linux kernel 2.6.24 .1
Linux kernel 2.6.24 -rc5
Linux kernel 2.6.24 -rc4
Linux kernel 2.6.24 -rc3
Linux kernel 2.6.24 -git13
Linux kernel 2.6.24
Linux kernel 2.6.23 .7
Linux kernel 2.6.23 .7
Linux kernel 2.6.23 .6
Linux kernel 2.6.23 .6
Linux kernel 2.6.23 .5
Linux kernel 2.6.23 .5
Linux kernel 2.6.23 .4
Linux kernel 2.6.23 .4
Linux kernel 2.6.23 .3
Linux kernel 2.6.23 .3
Linux kernel 2.6.23 .2
Linux kernel 2.6.23 .2
Linux kernel 2.6.23 -rc2
Linux kernel 2.6.23 -rc1
Linux kernel 2.6.23
Linux kernel 2.6.23
Linux kernel 2.6.22 rc6
Linux kernel 2.6.22 .8
Linux kernel 2.6.22 .7
Linux kernel 2.6.22 .7
Linux kernel 2.6.22 .6
Linux kernel 2.6.22 .6
Linux kernel 2.6.22 .5
Linux kernel 2.6.22 .5
Linux kernel 2.6.22 .4
Linux kernel 2.6.22 .4
Linux kernel 2.6.22 .3
Linux kernel 2.6.22 .3
Linux kernel 2.6.22 .2
Linux kernel 2.6.22 .17
Linux kernel 2.6.22 .16
Linux kernel 2.6.22 .15
Linux kernel 2.6.22 .14
Linux kernel 2.6.22 .13
Linux kernel 2.6.22 .12
Linux kernel 2.6.22 .11
Linux kernel 2.6.22 .1
Linux kernel 2.6.22
Linux kernel 2.6.22
Linux kernel 2.6.21 rc7
Linux kernel 2.6.21 git5
Linux kernel 2.6.21 git4
Linux kernel 2.6.21 git3
Linux kernel 2.6.21 git2
Linux kernel 2.6.21 git1
Linux kernel 2.6.21 git 7
Linux kernel 2.6.21 git 6
Linux kernel 2.6.21 4
Linux kernel 2.6.21 .7
Linux kernel 2.6.21 .6
Linux kernel 2.6.21 .3
Linux kernel 2.6.21 .2
Linux kernel 2.6.21 .1
Linux kernel 2.6.21 -git8
Linux kernel 2.6.21
Linux kernel 2.6.20 .9
Linux kernel 2.6.20 .8
Linux kernel 2.6.20 .7
Linux kernel 2.6.20 .6
Linux kernel 2.6.20 .5
Linux kernel 2.6.20 .4
Linux kernel 2.6.20 .15
Linux kernel 2.6.20 .14
Linux kernel 2.6.20 .12
Linux kernel 2.6.20 .10
Linux kernel 2.6.20 .1
Linux kernel 2.6.20 -git5
Linux kernel 2.6.20
Linux kernel 2.6.19 .4
Linux kernel 2.6.19 .3
Linux kernel 2.6.19 .2
Linux kernel 2.6.19 .1
Linux kernel 2.6.19 -rc4
Linux kernel 2.6.19 -rc3
Linux kernel 2.6.19 -rc2
Linux kernel 2.6.19 -rc1
Linux kernel 2.6.19
Linux kernel 2.6.18 rc7
Linux kernel 2.6.18 rc6
Linux kernel 2.6.18 rc5
Linux kernel 2.6.18 rc4
Linux kernel 2.6.18 rc3
Linux kernel 2.6.18 rc2
Linux kernel 2.6.18 rc1
Linux kernel 2.6.18 .8
Linux kernel 2.6.18 .7
Linux kernel 2.6.18 .6
Linux kernel 2.6.18 .5
Linux kernel 2.6.18 .4
Linux kernel 2.6.18 .4
Linux kernel 2.6.18 .3
Linux kernel 2.6.18 .3
Linux kernel 2.6.18 .2
Linux kernel 2.6.18 .1
Linux kernel 2.6.17 rc6
Linux kernel 2.6.17 rc4
Linux kernel 2.6.17 rc3
Linux kernel 2.6.17 rc2
Linux kernel 2.6.17 rc1
Linux kernel 2.6.17 .9
Linux kernel 2.6.17 .9
Linux kernel 2.6.17 .8
Linux kernel 2.6.17 .8
Linux kernel 2.6.17 .7
Linux kernel 2.6.17 .7
Linux kernel 2.6.17 .6
Linux kernel 2.6.17 .6
Linux kernel 2.6.17 .5
Linux kernel 2.6.17 .5
Linux kernel 2.6.17 .4
Linux kernel 2.6.17 .4
Linux kernel 2.6.17 .3
Linux kernel 2.6.17 .3
Linux kernel 2.6.17 .2
Linux kernel 2.6.17 .2
Linux kernel 2.6.17 .14
Linux kernel 2.6.17 .14
Linux kernel 2.6.17 .13
Linux kernel 2.6.17 .13
Linux kernel 2.6.17 .12
Linux kernel 2.6.17 .12
Linux kernel 2.6.17 .11
Linux kernel 2.6.17 .11
Linux kernel 2.6.17 .10
Linux kernel 2.6.17 .10
Linux kernel 2.6.17 .1
Linux kernel 2.6.17 .1
Linux kernel 2.6.17 -rc5
Linux kernel 2.6.17
Linux kernel 2.6.17
Linux kernel 2.6.16 rc6
Linux kernel 2.6.16 rc5
Linux kernel 2.6.16 rc4
Linux kernel 2.6.16 rc3
Linux kernel 2.6.16 rc2
Linux kernel 2.6.16 27
Linux kernel 2.6.16 13
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .9
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .8
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .8
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .7
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .6
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .53
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .52
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .51
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .50
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .5
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .5
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .49
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .48
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .47
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .46
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .45
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .44
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .43
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .41
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .40
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .4
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .4
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .39
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .38
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .37
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .36
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .35
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .34
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .33
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .32
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .31
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .30
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .3
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .3
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .29
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .28
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .27
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .26
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .25
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .24
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .23
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .23
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .23
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .22
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .21
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .21
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .20
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .2
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .2
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .19
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .18
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .18
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .17
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .17
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .16
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .16
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .15
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .14
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .12
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .11
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .10
Linux kernel 2.6.16 .1
Linux kernel 2.6.16 -rc1
Linux kernel 2.6.16
Linux kernel 2.6.16
Linux kernel 2.6.15 rc7
Linux kernel 2.6.15 .7
Linux kernel 2.6.15 .6
Linux kernel 2.6.15 .6
Linux kernel 2.6.15 .4
Linux kernel 2.6.15 .3
Linux kernel 2.6.15 .3
Linux kernel 2.6.15 .2
Linux kernel 2.6.15 .1
Linux kernel 2.6.15 .1
Linux kernel 2.6.15 -rc6
Linux kernel 2.6.15 -rc5
Linux kernel 2.6.15 -rc4
Linux kernel 2.6.15 -rc3
Linux kernel 2.6.15 -rc2
Linux kernel 2.6.15 -rc1
Linux kernel 2.6.15
Linux kernel 2.6.15
Linux kernel 2.6.14 .7
Linux kernel 2.6.14 .6
Linux kernel 2.6.14 .5
Linux kernel 2.6.14 .5
Linux kernel 2.6.14 .4
Linux kernel 2.6.14 .4
Linux kernel 2.6.14 .3
Linux kernel 2.6.14 .2
Linux kernel 2.6.14 .1
Linux kernel 2.6.14 -rc5
Linux kernel 2.6.14 -rc4
Linux kernel 2.6.14 -rc3
Linux kernel 2.6.14 -rc2
Linux kernel 2.6.14 -rc1
Linux kernel 2.6.14
Linux kernel 2.6.14
Linux kernel 2.6.13 rc5
Linux kernel 2.6.13 rc3
Linux kernel 2.6.13 rc2
Linux kernel 2.6.13 .5
Linux kernel 2.6.13 .4
Linux kernel 2.6.13 .3
Linux kernel 2.6.13 .2
Linux kernel 2.6.13 .1
Linux kernel 2.6.13 -rc7
Linux kernel 2.6.13 -rc6
Linux kernel 2.6.13 -rc4
Linux kernel 2.6.13 -rc1
Linux kernel 2.6.13
Linux kernel 2.6.13
Linux kernel 2.6.12 rc6
Linux kernel 2.6.12 rc3
Linux kernel 2.6.12 rc2
Linux kernel 2.6.12 .6
Linux kernel 2.6.12 .5
Linux kernel 2.6.12 .4
Linux kernel 2.6.12 .3
Linux kernel 2.6.12 .22
Linux kernel 2.6.12 .2
Linux kernel 2.6.12 .12
Linux kernel 2.6.12 .1
Linux kernel 2.6.12 -rc5
Linux kernel 2.6.12 -rc4
Linux kernel 2.6.12 -rc1
Linux kernel 2.6.12
Linux kernel 2.6.12
Linux kernel 2.6.11 rc5
Linux kernel 2.6.11 rc1
Linux kernel 2.6.11 .9
Linux kernel 2.6.11 .8
Linux kernel 2.6.11 .7
Linux kernel 2.6.11 .6
Linux kernel 2.6.11 .5
Linux kernel 2.6.11 .4
Linux kernel 2.6.11 .3
Linux kernel 2.6.11 .2
Linux kernel 2.6.11 .12
Linux kernel 2.6.11 .11
Linux kernel 2.6.11 .10
Linux kernel 2.6.11 .1
Linux kernel 2.6.11 -rc4
Linux kernel 2.6.11 -rc3
Linux kernel 2.6.11 -rc2
Linux kernel 2.6.11
Linux kernel 2.6.11
Linux kernel 2.6.10 rc3
Linux kernel 2.6.10 rc2
Linux kernel 2.6.10 rc1
Linux kernel 2.6.10
Linux kernel 2.6.10
Linux kernel 2.6.9 rc4
Linux kernel 2.6.9 rc3
Linux kernel 2.6.9 rc2
Linux kernel 2.6.9 rc1
Linux kernel 2.6.9 final
Linux kernel 2.6.9
Linux kernel 2.6.9
Linux kernel 2.6.8 rc4
Linux kernel 2.6.8 rc3
Linux kernel 2.6.8 rc2
Linux kernel 2.6.8 rc1
+ Ubuntu Ubuntu Linux 4.1 ppc
+ Ubuntu Ubuntu Linux 4.1 ia64
+ Ubuntu Ubuntu Linux 4.1 ia32
Linux kernel 2.6.8
Linux kernel 2.6.8
Linux kernel 2.6.7 rc3
Linux kernel 2.6.7 rc2
Linux kernel 2.6.7 rc1
Linux kernel 2.6.7
Linux kernel 2.6.7
Linux kernel 2.6.6 rc3
Linux kernel 2.6.6 rc2
Linux kernel 2.6.6 rc1
Linux kernel 2.6.6
Linux kernel 2.6.6
Linux kernel 2.6.5 rc3
Linux kernel 2.6.5 rc2
Linux kernel 2.6.5 rc1
Linux kernel 2.6.5
Linux kernel 2.6.5
Linux kernel 2.6.4 rc3
Linux kernel 2.6.4 rc2
Linux kernel 2.6.4 rc1
Linux kernel 2.6.4
Linux kernel 2.6.4
Linux kernel 2.6.3 rc4
Linux kernel 2.6.3 rc3
Linux kernel 2.6.3 rc2
Linux kernel 2.6.3 rc1
Linux kernel 2.6.3
Linux kernel 2.6.3
Linux kernel 2.6.2 rc3
Linux kernel 2.6.2 rc2
Linux kernel 2.6.2 rc1
Linux kernel 2.6.2
Linux kernel 2.6.2
Linux kernel 2.6.1 rc3
Linux kernel 2.6.1 0
Linux kernel 2.6.1 -rc2
Linux kernel 2.6.1 -rc1
Linux kernel 2.6.1
Linux kernel 2.6 .10
Linux kernel 2.6 -test9-CVS
Linux kernel 2.6 -test9
Linux kernel 2.6 -test8
Linux kernel 2.6 -test7
Linux kernel 2.6 -test6
Linux kernel 2.6 -test5
Linux kernel 2.6 -test4
Linux kernel 2.6 -test3
Linux kernel 2.6 -test2
Linux kernel 2.6 -test11
Linux kernel 2.6 -test10
Linux kernel 2.6 -test1
Linux kernel 2.6
Linux kernel 2.6.8.1
Linux kernel 2.6.8.1
Linux kernel 2.6.36-rc8
Linux kernel 2.6.36-rc6
Linux kernel 2.6.36-rc5
Linux kernel 2.6.36-rc4
Linux kernel 2.6.36-rc1
Linux kernel 2.6.35.5
Linux kernel 2.6.35.4
Linux kernel 2.6.35.1
Linux kernel 2.6.35.1
Linux kernel 2.6.35-rc6
Linux kernel 2.6.35-rc5-git5
Linux kernel 2.6.35-rc5
Linux kernel 2.6.35-rc4
Linux kernel 2.6.35-rc1
Linux kernel 2.6.34.3
Linux kernel 2.6.34.2
Linux kernel 2.6.34.1
Linux kernel 2.6.34-rc6
Linux kernel 2.6.34-rc5
Linux kernel 2.6.34-rc4
Linux kernel 2.6.34-rc2-git1
Linux kernel 2.6.34-rc2
Linux kernel 2.6.34-rc1
Linux kernel 2.6.33.7
Linux kernel 2.6.33-rc8
Linux kernel 2.6.33-rc7
Linux kernel 2.6.33-rc7
Linux kernel 2.6.33-rc6-git5
Linux kernel 2.6.33-rc6
Linux kernel 2.6.33-rc5
Linux kernel 2.6.33-rc4
Linux kernel 2.6.33-rc1
Linux kernel 2.6.32.8
Linux kernel 2.6.32.7
Linux kernel 2.6.32.6
Linux kernel 2.6.32.5
Linux kernel 2.6.32.4
Linux kernel 2.6.32.3
Linux kernel 2.6.32.22
Linux kernel 2.6.32.2
Linux kernel 2.6.32.18
Linux kernel 2.6.32.17
Linux kernel 2.6.32.16
Linux kernel 2.6.32.15
Linux kernel 2.6.32.14
Linux kernel 2.6.32.13
Linux kernel 2.6.32.12
Linux kernel 2.6.32.11
Linux kernel 2.6.32.10
Linux kernel 2.6.32.1
Linux kernel 2.6.32-rc8
Linux kernel 2.6.32-rc7
Linux kernel 2.6.32-rc5
+ Trustix Secure Enterprise Linux 2.0
+ Trustix Secure Linux 2.2
+ Trustix Secure Linux 2.1
+ Trustix Secure Linux 2.0
Linux kernel 2.6.32-rc4
Linux kernel 2.6.32-rc3
Linux kernel 2.6.32-rc2
Linux kernel 2.6.32-rc1
Linux kernel 2.6.31.6
Linux kernel 2.6.31.4
Linux kernel 2.6.31.1
Linux kernel 2.6.31-rc9
Linux kernel 2.6.31-rc8
Linux kernel 2.6.31-rc5-git3
Linux kernel 2.6.31-rc4
Linux kernel 2.6.31-rc2
Linux kernel 2.6.31-git11
+ Trustix Secure Enterprise Linux 2.0
+ Trustix Secure Linux 2.2
+ Trustix Secure Linux 2.1
+ Trustix Secure Linux 2.0
Linux kernel 2.6.30.5
Linux kernel 2.6.30.4
Linux kernel 2.6.30.3
Linux kernel 2.6.29-rc2-git1
Linux kernel 2.6.29-rc2
Linux kernel 2.6.29-rc1
Linux kernel 2.6.28.4
Linux kernel 2.6.28.10
Linux kernel 2.6.28-rc7
Linux kernel 2.6.28-rc6
Linux kernel 2.6.28-rc5
Linux kernel 2.6.28-rc5
Linux kernel 2.6.28-rc4
Linux kernel 2.6.27.54
Linux kernel 2.6.27.51
Linux kernel 2.6.27.49
Linux kernel 2.6.27-git3
Linux kernel 2.6.26.1
Linux kernel 2.6.26-rc5-git1
Linux kernel 2.6.25.4
Linux kernel 2.6.25.3
Linux kernel 2.6.25.2
Linux kernel 2.6.25.1
Linux kernel 2.6.25-rc1
Linux kernel 2.6.24.6
Linux kernel 2.6.24-rc2
Linux kernel 2.6.24-rc1
Linux kernel 2.6.24 Rc3
Linux kernel 2.6.24 Rc2
Linux kernel 2.6.23.14
Linux kernel 2.6.23.10
Linux kernel 2.6.23.1
Linux kernel 2.6.23.1
Linux kernel 2.6.23.09
Linux kernel 2.6.23 Rc2
Linux kernel 2.6.22-rc7
Linux kernel 2.6.22-rc1
Linux kernel 2.6.21-RC6
Linux kernel 2.6.21-RC5
Linux kernel 2.6.21-RC4
Linux kernel 2.6.21-RC3
Linux kernel 2.6.20.3
Linux kernel 2.6.20.2
Linux kernel 2.6.20.13
Linux kernel 2.6.20.11
Linux kernel 2.6.20-rc2
Linux kernel 2.6.20-2
Linux kernel 2.6.19 -rc6
Linux kernel 2.6.18.1
Linux kernel 2.6.18-8.1.8.el5
Linux kernel 2.6.18-53
Linux kernel 2.6.18
Linux kernel 2.6.16.9
Linux kernel 2.6.16.7
Linux kernel 2.6.16.19
Linux kernel 2.6.16.13
Linux kernel 2.6.16.12
Linux kernel 2.6.16.11
Linux kernel 2.6.15.5
Linux kernel 2.6.15.5
Linux kernel 2.6.15.4
Linux kernel 2.6.15.11
Linux kernel 2.6.15-27.48
Linux kernel 2.6.14.3
Linux kernel 2.6.14.2
Linux kernel 2.6.14.1
Linux kernel 2.6.13.4
Linux kernel 2.6.13.3
Linux kernel 2.6.13.2
Linux kernel 2.6.13.1
Linux kernel 2.6.12.6
Linux kernel 2.6.12.5
Linux kernel 2.6.12.4
Linux kernel 2.6.12.3
Linux kernel 2.6.12.2
Linux kernel 2.6.12.1
Linux kernel 2.6.11.8
Linux kernel 2.6.11.7
Linux kernel 2.6.11.6
Linux kernel 2.6.11.5
Linux kernel 2.6.11.4
Linux kernel 2.6.11.12
Linux kernel 2.6.11.11
Linux kernel 2.6.0
 
不受影响系统
 
危害
本地攻击者可以利用漏洞获得敏感内核信息或对系统进行拒绝服务攻击。
 
攻击所需条件
攻击者必须访问Linux。
 
漏洞信息
Linux是一款开放源代码的操作系统。
Linux存在多个安全漏洞，允许本地用户获得敏感信息或提升特权。
-sound/oss/soundcard.c提供的"load_mixer_volumes()"函数存在边界错误，发送特制的SOUND_MIXER_SETLEVELS IOCTL可以内核模式执行任意代码。
-sound/oss/soundcard.c提供的"load_mixer_volumes()"函数存在错误，发送特制的SOUND_MIXER_SETLEVELS IOCTL可泄漏内核内存。、
要成功利用漏洞需要使用了OSS，并且攻击者需要对音频设备拥有写访问权限("audio"组成员)。
 
测试方法
 
厂商解决方案
目前没有详细解决方案提供：
http://www.kernel.org
 
漏洞提供者
Dan Rosenberg